Modern human upper limb reconstruction refers to the medical procedures and techniques used to restore function, appearance, and mobility to a person’s upper limb after trauma, congenital defects, or illness. This may involve a combination of surgical interventions, prosthetics, and rehabilitation. Surgeons may perform bone grafts, joint replacements, or use tissue engineering to rebuild muscles, tendons, and ligaments. In some cases, advanced prosthetic limbs with high functionality, including mechanical or bionic prostheses, are used to replace missing limbs. The goal of upper limb reconstruction is to improve the patient’s quality of life by restoring as much movement and independence as possible.